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Lab 1: Introduction to the Web platform

In this lab, we will learn:

  • How does the Web work? What happens when I enter a URL in my browser and hit Enter?
  • What languages are used to create webpages, what is each for, and what are their differences?
  • How to write good HTML?
  • How do CSS and JS look like, and how do we include them in our HTML?
  • How can we create our own webpage and publish it on the Web?
Table of contents

Prerequisites

This lab assumes you have already gone through the setup instructions in Lab 0 (except those marked for Lab 2 or later), i.e. that you have (latest versions of, where applicable):

  • Google Chrome
  • Visual Studio Code (and you have verified Emmet works)
  • Git that is set up with your name and email
  • A GitHub account (upgraded to Pro via the GitHub Student Developer Pack
  • GitHub Desktop, connected to GitHub and with VS Code set as the default editor

Part 1: Web fundamentals

Links we’ll need for the hands-on activities:

Part 2: Creating our own website from scratch and publishing it on the Web

Step 1: Setup

Creating a new repostory with GitHub Desktop and publishing it to GitHub
  1. Create a new repository with GitHub Desktop called portfolio (or anything else you want, but the rest will assume portfolio)
  2. Publish it on GitHub (verify that it worked by visiting https://github.com/YOUR_USERNAME/portfolio or clicking Repository > View on GitHub in GitHub Desktop’s menu)
  3. Open it on Visual Studio Code (Menu: Repository > Open in Visual Studio Code)

Step 2: Create a basic HTML page

Our initial HTML page is pretty simple.
  1. Create a new file called index.html in the root of your repository
  2. Type ! and hit Tab to expand the Emmet snippet into a basic HTML page
  3. Change the page title (<title>) to “YOUR_NAME: Personal site and portfolio”
  4. Add a <h1> with your name
  5. Add a <p> with a short description of yourself (if you can’t think of anything, just type lorem and hit Tab to generate placeholder text; just make sure to edit it later!)
  6. Save the file. Open the file in Chrome and verify that it works.
  7. Commit and push your changes to GitHub

Remember that committing and pushing your changes to GitHub is a two-step process: First, you commit your changes to your local repository: Commit form then you push your changes to your remote repository on GitHub. "Push origin" button

Step 3: Publish your site on GitHub Pages

Our simple page is now live!

GitHub provides a free hosting service called GitHub Pages that is perfect for hosting static websites like the one we are creating. It gives you a URL like https://YOUR_USERNAME.github.io/YOUR_REPOSITORY_NAME that you can share with anyone to show them your site, but you can also use your own domain name if you have one.

  1. Open your repository on GitHub (On GitHub Desktop: Repository > View on GitHub)
  2. Click Settings
  3. Scroll down and click the Pages section
  4. Select “main” as the branch and click Save
  5. Check “Enforce HTTPS”
  6. Wait a few seconds for GitHub to publish your site, then refresh. Then click Visit site to open your site in a new tab. That’s it — your website is now live! 🎉

Selecting main as the branch

In the following steps, it is implied that you first test your changes locally in Chrome, then commit and push them to GitHub, and then refresh your site to verify that the changes are live (after waiting a few seconds).

Step 4: Add a photo

  1. Create an images folder in the root of your repository
  2. Find a photo of yourself (or anything else you want) and save it in the images folder
  3. Add an <img> element to your HTML page, with the src attribute set to the path to your image file (images/your-image-file-name.jpg)
  4. Add an alt attribute to the <img> element with a short description of the image as you would describe it to someone who cannot see it.

Our page now has a photo!

Step 5: Add a CSS stylesheet

  1. Create a new file called style.css in the root of your repository
  2. Add the following CSS to the file:
body {
  /* Set line height to 1.5 times the font size
	   and use the OS’s UI font as the website font
	 */
  font: 100%/1.5 system-ui;
}
  1. Link the stylesheet to your HTML page via a <link> element in the <head>.

Step 6: Add more pages and a navigation menu

  1. Create two new files: projects/index.html and contact/index.html.
  2. Set their title and add a <h1> with the page title in each.
  3. Add a navigation menu in each page (using <nav>), with links (using <a>) to every page in your site, including the current one.
  4. Add a link to your GitHub profile to the navigation menu with target="_blank" to make it always open in a new tab.

The directory structure at this point should look a bit like this:

When linking to other pages in the same site, you should use relative URLs.

Why do we use index.html? In most web servers, index.html is a special name that is used as the default file to serve when the user visits a directory. This means that users can type https://YOUR_USERNAME.github.io/YOUR_REPOSITORY_NAME/contact/ instead of https://YOUR_USERNAME.github.io/YOUR_REPOSITORY_NAME/contact/index.html.

Step 7: Basic contact form

In this step we will add a functional contact form to the contact page. When the user submits the form, their email client will open with a new email to you, with the subject and body prefilled with the values they entered in the form.

Contact forms on the web are not made like this anymore, and for good reasons:

  • This method exposes your email address to spammers. One of the primary reasons for a contact form is to not expose your email address publicly.
  • The message formatting is awkward and not very user-friendly.

However, making a contact form properly would require server-side code and/or a third-party service, which is way beyond the scope of this first lab.

  1. Create a <form> element in contact/index.html and set:
    • Its action attribute to mailto:YOUR_EMAIL_ADDRESS (e.g. mailto:foo@example.com)
    • Its method attribute to POST
    • Its enctype attribute to text/plain
    • Why do we need the last two? Experiment by using the form without them and see what happens!
  2. Create our contact form fields. We need at least:
    • A single line text field (<input>) for the sender’s email address with name="email" and type="email"
    • A single line text field (<input>) for for the subject with name="subject" (you don’t need type="text" as that is the default)
    • A multiline text field (<textarea>) for the actual message with name="body"
  3. Wrap each field in a <label> with the field name as its contents
  4. Add a submit button with <button> (you don’t need type="submit" as that is the default)

The directory structure at this point should look a bit like this:

While developing, you will likely need to try your form multiple times. Add default values to all fields via the HTML (using the value attribute on <input>s and element contents in <textarea>) so you don’t have to type them every time.

Our contact form should now be functional albeit not very pretty (but don’t worry about that, that’s CSS’ job).

An example contact form for Step 7.

Try submitting it and see what happens!

Don’t worry about the appearance of your contact form, we will fix that in Lab 2! While it can be tempting, do not use tables to lay your form out in a grid with the form labels next to the form fields. Remember that HTML describes content, not presentation, and tables are for tabular data, not layout. We will see how to use CSS to lay our form out in a grid in Lab 2.

Step 8: Adding a CV/resume page

This is a more freeform step, with the goal of getting you to explore HTML on your own and experiment. Add a new page to your website (and link to it from the navigation menu) that contains your CV or resume.

If you do not want to publish your CV on the Web for privacy reasons, you can use fake data for all or part of it. In that case, try to keep the structure as close as possible to your real CV and simply change the actual data (e.g. names, dates, places) so that you are still solving a realistic use case.

Structure the different sections of content with <section> elements. Think of <section> as the units of content that you would list in a table of contents for that page (which is exactly how they are exposed to assistive technology users).

You may also find <article> useful for structuring independent, self-contained units of content (“article” as in “article of clothing” not “newspaper article” — yes, it is confusing!).

Elements you will need (excluding those outside <body>):

  • Headings, paragraphs, lists
  • <a> for links
  • <section> and <article> (see above)
  • <time> for dates

Elements you may need:

  • <header> for <section> or <article> headers that are more than just a heading
  • <img> in case you want to include icons or logos of organizations

Don’t forget to preview your changes locally first, then when you’re happy with them commit and push to GitHub.

HTML resources

Tools

  • HTML Validator: Catch many HTML mistakes early and short-circuit debugging
  • CodePen: quickly experiment with HTML, CSS, JS and see the results live

Cheatsheets

Tutorials